Summary on chapter-14 CRCB Evaluating Internet Resources
Evaluating Internet sources of information helps to determine if they are reliable and useful.Knowing how to critically evaluate Internet material not only helps you become a better student,but will help you in your work life beyond college.Use the Internet source evaluation system describe in this chapter as a tool for assessing websites.As a reader and thinker,become an open minded skeptic by considering each website's Relevancy,Reliability,Credibility and Accuracy using the following seven steps;Know your Purpose,Double-check facts and sources,consider the source,Evaluate content,Determine intended audience,Evaluate the writing,Use what you already know.
Friday, April 25, 2008
chap-13,CRCB Reading beyond the words
Summary on chapter-13 from CRCB Reading Beyond the words
Critical Reading Comprehension invloves challenging yourself to understand what you read in your textbooks at different levels of complexity.Bloom's taxonomy lists six levels of critical thinking-Knowledge,Comprehension,Application,Analysis,Synthesis and Evaluation-that can use to deepen your understanding of textbook material.By creating and answering questions at each of these levels,you will be better able to predict the kinds of questions your instructor will ask on exam and better prepare to answer them.
Critical Reading Comprehension invloves challenging yourself to understand what you read in your textbooks at different levels of complexity.Bloom's taxonomy lists six levels of critical thinking-Knowledge,Comprehension,Application,Analysis,Synthesis and Evaluation-that can use to deepen your understanding of textbook material.By creating and answering questions at each of these levels,you will be better able to predict the kinds of questions your instructor will ask on exam and better prepare to answer them.
chap-12,CRCB Identifying and Evaluating Arguments
Summary on chapter-12 from CRCB,Identifying and Evaluating Arguments
Arguments always have the structure of at least one reason and one conclusion.One way to detect them is to look for an author's conclusions and then track the reasons he or she used to reach them.Another way is to indicate when reasons are being presented and conclusions stated.when you find an argument,you should break it down into it's constituent parts so that you can determine whether is is well founded and logical.It can be evaluated using specific criteria including determining dependability,distinguishing fact from opinion and detecting fallacies.
Two primary types of arguments are deductive and inductive.Deductive have at least one premise that logically leads to a conclusion.
Inductive begin with a series of specific observations and conclude with a generalization that logically flows from them.
Arguments always have the structure of at least one reason and one conclusion.One way to detect them is to look for an author's conclusions and then track the reasons he or she used to reach them.Another way is to indicate when reasons are being presented and conclusions stated.when you find an argument,you should break it down into it's constituent parts so that you can determine whether is is well founded and logical.It can be evaluated using specific criteria including determining dependability,distinguishing fact from opinion and detecting fallacies.
Two primary types of arguments are deductive and inductive.Deductive have at least one premise that logically leads to a conclusion.
Inductive begin with a series of specific observations and conclude with a generalization that logically flows from them.
chap-11,CRCB Reading,Understanding,Creating Visual Aids
Summary on chapter-11 from Reading,Understanding,and Creating Visual Aids
Visual information reinforces and supplements reading material.Types of visual aids include mind maps,outlines,charts,diagrams,graphics,illustrations,photographs and time lines.The type of information being conveyed determines what type of visual aid an author will use.Learning how to read visuals helps to understand and remember the textual information they illustrate.
To create an effective visual aid,you have to recognize the important elements in whay you are reading and be able to priortize and organize themin a logical and useful format.It become obvious how well you know the material;you cant draw a diagram or devise a table if you dont understand what you have read or heard.In many instances,an effective visual will save from taking as many notes from your text or in lectures
Visual information reinforces and supplements reading material.Types of visual aids include mind maps,outlines,charts,diagrams,graphics,illustrations,photographs and time lines.The type of information being conveyed determines what type of visual aid an author will use.Learning how to read visuals helps to understand and remember the textual information they illustrate.
To create an effective visual aid,you have to recognize the important elements in whay you are reading and be able to priortize and organize themin a logical and useful format.It become obvious how well you know the material;you cant draw a diagram or devise a table if you dont understand what you have read or heard.In many instances,an effective visual will save from taking as many notes from your text or in lectures
chap-10,CRCB TextBook Marking
Summary on chapter-10 from CRCB TextBook Marking
Textbook marking is a systematic mark and label reading tool that helps you distinguish important ideas from less important ones.At a minimum,you should aim to mark and label the main idea,important details and new vocabulary in your textbook chapters.Three basic elements of textbook marking,you should use your experience in lecture and lab to decideif you need to mark more.Always mark information that is unclear,to remind yourself to find out what it means before you are tested on the material.
A personalized system will work well as long as it is consistent,makes sense to you and achieves the main goal of textbook marking;showing the relationships between ideas in what you read.
Textbook marking is a systematic mark and label reading tool that helps you distinguish important ideas from less important ones.At a minimum,you should aim to mark and label the main idea,important details and new vocabulary in your textbook chapters.Three basic elements of textbook marking,you should use your experience in lecture and lab to decideif you need to mark more.Always mark information that is unclear,to remind yourself to find out what it means before you are tested on the material.
A personalized system will work well as long as it is consistent,makes sense to you and achieves the main goal of textbook marking;showing the relationships between ideas in what you read.
chap-9,CRCB Using Preview,Study-Read and Review(PSR)Strategies
Summary on chapter 9 from CRCB Using Preview,Study-Read,and Review(PSR)Strategies.
The PSR technique requires that you question yourself before,during and after you read.It encourages you to participate in a reader-author conversation rather than to read passively.In this conversation,you access what the author says and decide if it makes sense to you.you also add what you know to the conversation by recalling related information.It helps to understand and remember the textmaterial.
The PSR technique also requires to respond to readings by writing in your journal.Commenting in writing hlps to digest and understand an author's ideas and articulate your own,By identifying exactly where you become confused in a reading ,you can return to that point and reread the relevant section of text.It hlps to understand the material on your own or alert you to the fact that you need to ask a classmate or instructor for help.
The PSR technique requires that you question yourself before,during and after you read.It encourages you to participate in a reader-author conversation rather than to read passively.In this conversation,you access what the author says and decide if it makes sense to you.you also add what you know to the conversation by recalling related information.It helps to understand and remember the textmaterial.
The PSR technique also requires to respond to readings by writing in your journal.Commenting in writing hlps to digest and understand an author's ideas and articulate your own,By identifying exactly where you become confused in a reading ,you can return to that point and reread the relevant section of text.It hlps to understand the material on your own or alert you to the fact that you need to ask a classmate or instructor for help.
chap-8,CRCB Methods of Organization
Summary on chap-8,CRCB Methods of Organization
Textbook authors usually organize information using certain classic methods or patterns.Being able to recognize organizational methods will help you understand the ideas in your textbooks and how they are connected to each other because they will fit into logical patterns you are already familiar with.It will also hlp to remember what you have read,because you are not memorizing facts in isolation,but relating them to each other to form patterns that hold and organize them in your memory.A useful way to identify an author's method of organization is to look for the organizational word clues(OWCs)that indicate which patterns he or she is using.
It is important to access an author's overall method of organization,An author frequently use more than one method from paragraph to paragraph but hve one overall method for each textbook chapter
Textbook authors usually organize information using certain classic methods or patterns.Being able to recognize organizational methods will help you understand the ideas in your textbooks and how they are connected to each other because they will fit into logical patterns you are already familiar with.It will also hlp to remember what you have read,because you are not memorizing facts in isolation,but relating them to each other to form patterns that hold and organize them in your memory.A useful way to identify an author's method of organization is to look for the organizational word clues(OWCs)that indicate which patterns he or she is using.
It is important to access an author's overall method of organization,An author frequently use more than one method from paragraph to paragraph but hve one overall method for each textbook chapter
chap-12 TFYDeductive Reasoning
Summary on chap-12,from TFY Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.It is the subject of formal logic whose main concern is with creating forms that demostrate reasoning.Logic has it's own technical vocabulary.
Deductive and inductive reasoning are not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.It is possible to infer the rules of valid reasoning form the study of models.Syllogisms allow logicians to determine what is being said ,to identify hidden premises and to findout if the argument makes sense.
Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.It is the subject of formal logic whose main concern is with creating forms that demostrate reasoning.Logic has it's own technical vocabulary.
Deductive and inductive reasoning are not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.It is possible to infer the rules of valid reasoning form the study of models.Syllogisms allow logicians to determine what is being said ,to identify hidden premises and to findout if the argument makes sense.
chap-11,TFY Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies
Summary for chap-11 Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies
Inductive reasoning is the process of thinking that you used in describing a fruit,vegetable or tool when you began by not knowing the identity of the identity of the covered object.It is also called the empirical or scentific method.
It can be done through sensory observation,enumeration,analogous reasoning,casual reasoning and pattern recognition.Inductive reasoning is used as a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available.This is done by taking statistical samplings or by making extrapolations.A hypothesis is a trial idea that can be used to further investigation in an inductive study,the conclusion is a generalization that is probable but not certain.
Inductive reasoning is the process of thinking that you used in describing a fruit,vegetable or tool when you began by not knowing the identity of the identity of the covered object.It is also called the empirical or scentific method.
It can be done through sensory observation,enumeration,analogous reasoning,casual reasoning and pattern recognition.Inductive reasoning is used as a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available.This is done by taking statistical samplings or by making extrapolations.A hypothesis is a trial idea that can be used to further investigation in an inductive study,the conclusion is a generalization that is probable but not certain.
chap-10,TFY Fallacies
Summary on chapter-10,Fallacies(What's a Faulty Argument?)
Word ambiguity uses undefined and vague words in an argument,seeking to gain an advantage by using words that could be interpreted in more than one way.Misleading euphemisms are words that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations.The use of euphemisms is fallacious in an argument when the goal is to be evasive,to mislead or to disarm awareness and objections.
Prejudicial language persuades through the use of loaded words that conveya bias while pretending to convey objective information.It appeals to false authority seeks to influence others by citing phony or inappropriate authorities.This false authority may be a person,a tradition or conventional wisdom.However,the appeal to an authentic and appropriate authority is not a fallacy,it can provide excellent support for claims
Word ambiguity uses undefined and vague words in an argument,seeking to gain an advantage by using words that could be interpreted in more than one way.Misleading euphemisms are words that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations.The use of euphemisms is fallacious in an argument when the goal is to be evasive,to mislead or to disarm awareness and objections.
Prejudicial language persuades through the use of loaded words that conveya bias while pretending to convey objective information.It appeals to false authority seeks to influence others by citing phony or inappropriate authorities.This false authority may be a person,a tradition or conventional wisdom.However,the appeal to an authentic and appropriate authority is not a fallacy,it can provide excellent support for claims
chap-9,TFY Argument
Summary on chapter-9 Argument (What's a Good Argument?)
The critical reading of arguments is an active endeavor that requires involvement,interaction with questions and evaluation.The questions asked in the critical reading of arguments are=
a)What viewpoint is the source of this argument?
b)What is the issue of controversy?
c)How is the argument structured in terms of reasons and conclusions?
d)What are the argument's strengths and weakness?
The analysis of arguments in terms of their reasons and conclusions applies to both inductive and deductive arguments.Reasons include data,evidence and premises,while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypothesis.Arguments state and defend a claim in an attempt to persuade.It disguised as reports slant the facts and language toward a bias.
The critical reading of arguments is an active endeavor that requires involvement,interaction with questions and evaluation.The questions asked in the critical reading of arguments are=
a)What viewpoint is the source of this argument?
b)What is the issue of controversy?
c)How is the argument structured in terms of reasons and conclusions?
d)What are the argument's strengths and weakness?
The analysis of arguments in terms of their reasons and conclusions applies to both inductive and deductive arguments.Reasons include data,evidence and premises,while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypothesis.Arguments state and defend a claim in an attempt to persuade.It disguised as reports slant the facts and language toward a bias.
chap-8,TFY Viewpoint
Summar on Viewpoint(Problems of Critical Thinking)
Critical thinking means learning to recognize viewpoints and how they shape the content of any message.viewpoints-like assumptions,opinions and evaluations can be either conscious or unconscious.Unconscious viewpoints include the egocentric,ethnocentric and religiocentric.
Writers shape their stories through their choice of a point of view,their choices include third-person,first-person and multiple points of view.We communicate best when we are aware of our own viewpoint and can understand and respect the viewpoints of others as well.Periodicals can express viewpoints through images,words and in the framing given to information.Framing decisions made by an editor can exercise a hidden influence over the reader.
Critical thinking means learning to recognize viewpoints and how they shape the content of any message.viewpoints-like assumptions,opinions and evaluations can be either conscious or unconscious.Unconscious viewpoints include the egocentric,ethnocentric and religiocentric.
Writers shape their stories through their choice of a point of view,their choices include third-person,first-person and multiple points of view.We communicate best when we are aware of our own viewpoint and can understand and respect the viewpoints of others as well.Periodicals can express viewpoints through images,words and in the framing given to information.Framing decisions made by an editor can exercise a hidden influence over the reader.
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